Preparing for Life—Home Visiting Meets HHS Criteria

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2023

Effects shown in research

Child health

Findings rated high

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Chest infection, 12 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.26 Adjusted proportion = 0.43 Mean difference = -0.17 Study reported = -0.18

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Chest infection, 12 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.34 Infants Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.09

Not statistically significant, p= 0.19

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Chest infection, 24 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.27 Adjusted proportion = 0.38 Mean difference = -0.11 Study reported = -0.12

Not statistically significant, p= 0.13

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Chest infection, 24 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.26 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.39 Infants Mean difference = -0.13 Study reported = -0.12

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

164 children Adjusted proportion = 1.37 Adjusted proportion = 1.39 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.71

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 1.26 Adjusted proportion = 1.71 Mean difference = -0.45 Study reported = -0.31

Not statistically significant, p= 0.26

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 children Adjusted proportion = 1.38 Adjusted proportion = 1.24 Mean difference = 0.14 Study reported = 0.10

Not statistically significant, p= 0.41

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

164 children Unadjusted mean = 1.31 Unadjusted mean = 1.46 Mean difference = -0.15 Study reported = -0.11

Not statistically significant, p= 0.48

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 1.20 Unadjusted mean = 1.64 Mean difference = -0.44 Study reported = -0.34

Statistically significant, p= 0.03

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Child number of health problems taken to doctor/health center/casualty, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 children Unadjusted mean = 1.37 Unadjusted mean = 1.28 Mean difference = 0.09 Study reported = 0.07

Not statistically significant, p= 0.65

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.11 Adjusted proportion = 0.10 Mean difference = 0.01 Study reported = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p= 0.81

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.08 Adjusted proportion = 0.24 Mean difference = -0.16 Study reported = -0.16

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Author-reported effect size was calculated using marginal effects. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.13 Infants Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.65

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Child received medical attention for wheezing or asthma, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.07 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 Infants Mean difference = -0.14 Study reported = -0.14

Statistically significant, p= 0.01

Author-reported effect size was calculated using marginal effects

Hospital stay, 12 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.07 Adjusted proportion = 0.07 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00

Not statistically significant, p= 0.99

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Hospital stay, 12 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Infants Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.00

Not statistically significant, p= 0.98

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Hospital stay, 24 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.04 Adjusted proportion = 0.06 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.60

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Hospital stay, 24 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Infants Mean difference = -0.04 Study reported = -0.04

Not statistically significant, p= 0.28

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Hospital stay, 6 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 children Adjusted proportion = 0.09 Adjusted proportion = 0.07 Mean difference = 0.02 Study reported = 0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.63

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Hospital stay, 6 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.09 Infants Mean difference = 0.01 Study reported = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p= 0.87

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Immunization, 6 months old, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.98 Adjusted proportion = 0.97 Mean difference = 0.01 Study reported = 0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.58

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D. Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Immunization, 6 months old, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.99 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.96 Infants Mean difference = 0.03 Study reported = 0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.34

Author-reported effect size was calculated with Cohen’s D

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.57 Infants Mean difference = 0.06 HomVEE calculated = 0.15

Not statistically significant, p= 0.34

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.42 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.53 Infants Mean difference = -0.11 HomVEE calculated = -0.27

Not statistically significant, p= 0.22

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.62 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.57 Infants Odds ratio = 1.21 Study reported = 0.12

Not statistically significant, p= 0.57

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.40 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.50 Infants Odds ratio = 0.66 Study reported = -0.25

Not statistically significant, p= 0.20

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.28 Study reported = 0.15

Not statistically significant, p= 0.48

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

18 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 0.98 Study reported = -0.01

Not statistically significant, p= 0.87

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 0.63 Study reported = -0.28

Not statistically significant, p= 0.16

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.57 Infants Odds ratio = 1.30 HomVEE calculated = 0.16

Not statistically significant, p= 0.41

Child eats fatty/sugary food less than once daily, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.42 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 Infants Odds ratio = 0.66 HomVEE calculated = -0.25

Not statistically significant, p= 0.18

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.05 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.04 Infants Mean difference = 0.01 HomVEE calculated = 0.14

Not statistically significant, p= 0.79

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.16 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.05 Infants Mean difference = 0.11 HomVEE calculated = 0.78

Statistically significant, p= 0.04

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.05 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.03 Infants Odds ratio = 1.46 Study reported = 0.23

Not statistically significant, p= 0.63

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.15 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.04 Infants Odds ratio = 3.92 Study reported = 0.83

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.23 Study reported = 0.13

Not statistically significant, p= 0.79

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

18 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.53 Study reported = 0.26

Not statistically significant, p= 0.41

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 3.00 Study reported = 0.67

Not statistically significant, p= 0.06

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.05 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.04 Infants Odds ratio = 1.37 HomVEE calculated = 0.19

Not statistically significant, p= 0.69

Child meets all daily diet recommendations, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.16 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.05 Infants Odds ratio = 3.82 HomVEE calculated = 0.81

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.49 Infants Mean difference = 0.14 HomVEE calculated = 0.35

Not statistically significant, p= 0.05

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.64 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.61 Infants Mean difference = 0.03 HomVEE calculated = 0.08

Not statistically significant, p= 0.55

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.64 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.51 Infants Odds ratio = 1.74 Study reported = 0.34

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.61 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.57 Infants Odds ratio = 1.17 Study reported = 0.10

Not statistically significant, p= 0.64

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.98 Study reported = 0.41

Statistically significant, p= 0.046

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

18 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.67 Study reported = 0.31

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.09 Study reported = 0.05

Not statistically significant, p= 0.84

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 Infants Odds ratio = 1.86 HomVEE calculated = 0.38

Statistically significant, p= <0.05

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for dairy, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.64 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.61 Infants Odds ratio = 1.16 HomVEE calculated = 0.09

Not statistically significant, p= 0.64

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.20 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.26 Infants Mean difference = -0.06 HomVEE calculated = -0.21

Not statistically significant, p= 0.21

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.44 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.28 Infants Mean difference = 0.16 HomVEE calculated = 0.43

Statistically significant, p= 0.04

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.18 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.25 Infants Odds ratio = 0.67 Study reported = -0.24

Not statistically significant, p= 0.30

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.43 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.29 Infants Odds ratio = 1.82 Study reported = 0.36

Not statistically significant, p= 0.09

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 0.63 Study reported = -0.28

Not statistically significant, p= 0.22

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

18 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.59 Study reported = 0.28

Not statistically significant, p= 0.19

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.94 Study reported = 0.40

Not statistically significant, p= 0.05

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.20 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 Infants Odds ratio = 0.67 HomVEE calculated = -0.24

Not statistically significant, p= 0.29

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for fruits and vegetables, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.44 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 Infants Odds ratio = 2.27 HomVEE calculated = 0.50

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.52 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.41 Infants Mean difference = 0.11 HomVEE calculated = 0.27

Not statistically significant, p= 0.14

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.53 Infants Mean difference = 0.10 HomVEE calculated = 0.25

Not statistically significant, p= 0.28

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.56 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.43 Infants Odds ratio = 1.67 Study reported = 0.31

Not statistically significant, p= 0.13

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.62 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.53 Infants Odds ratio = 1.43 Study reported = 0.22

Not statistically significant, p= 0.28

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.78 Study reported = 0.35

Statistically significant, p= 0.049

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

18 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 0.56 Study reported = -0.35

Not statistically significant, p= 0.10

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 1.23 Study reported = 0.13

Not statistically significant, p= 0.37

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.52 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.41 Infants Odds ratio = 1.59 HomVEE calculated = 0.28

Not statistically significant, p= 0.14

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for grains, unweighted

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.63 Infants Unadjusted proportion = 0.54 Infants Odds ratio = 1.47 HomVEE calculated = 0.23

Not statistically significant, p= 0.22

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.17 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.17 Infants Mean difference = 0.00 HomVEE calculated = 0.00

Not statistically significant, p= 0.97

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, adjusted for baseline controls

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.33 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.18 Infants Mean difference = 0.15 HomVEE calculated = 0.49

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.18 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.16 Infants Odds ratio = 1.10 Study reported = 0.06

Not statistically significant, p= 0.82

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Inverse Probability Weighted results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Adjusted proportion = 0.36 Infants Adjusted proportion = 0.18 Infants Odds ratio = 2.52 Study reported = 0.56

Statistically significant, p= 0.02

Finding from inverse probability weighted (IPW) model

Child meets recommended number of daily servings for protein, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

207 children Not reported Not reported Odds ratio = 0.97 Study reported = -0.02

Not statistically significant, p= 0.87

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Preparing for Life—Home Visiting
Show findings details
Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Age left hospital (in days)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Adjusted mean = 3.23 Adjusted mean = 3.16 Mean difference = 0.07 Study reported = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p = 0.93

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Appropriate frequency of eating (baby eats 6 or more times per day)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.77 Unadjusted proportion = 0.63 Mean difference = 0.14 Study reported = 0.30

Statistically significant, p = 0.048

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Attempted breastfeeding

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.24 Unadjusted proportion = 0.22 Mean difference = 0.02 Study reported = 0.04

Not statistically significant, p = 0.76

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby eats appropriate food

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.87 Unadjusted proportion = 0.77 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.26

Not statistically significant, p = 0.09

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby ever vaccinated

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.99 Unadjusted proportion = 1.00 Mean difference = -0.01 Study reported = -0.16

Not statistically significant, p = 0.51

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby problem breathing

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.22 Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 Mean difference = 0.08 Study reported = 0.19

Not statistically significant, p = 0.17

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby sleeps more than 8 hours a night

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

171 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.76 Unadjusted proportion = 0.78 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.06

Not statistically significant, p = 0.76

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby sleeps undisturbed by 3 months

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.36 Unadjusted proportion = 0.46 Mean difference = -0.10 Study reported = -0.19

Not statistically significant, p = 0.18

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby sleeps undisturbed through the night

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.75 Unadjusted proportion = 0.77 Mean difference = -0.02 Study reported = -0.05

Not statistically significant, p = 0.76

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Baby’s crying a problem

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.12 Unadjusted proportion = 0.11 Mean difference = 0.01 Study reported = 0.03

Not statistically significant, p = 0.84

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Stayed in hospital during first 6 months (baby)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

6 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

173 mother/child dyads Unadjusted proportion = 0.10 Unadjusted proportion = 0.09 Mean difference = 0.01 Study reported = 0.03

Not statistically significant, p = 0.82

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Ever vaccinated

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.99 Unadjusted proportion = 0.96 Mean difference = 0.03 Study reported = 0.16

Not statistically significant, p = 0.26

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats dairy

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 6.57 Unadjusted mean = 6.20 Mean difference = 0.37 Study reported = 0.29

Not statistically significant, p = 0.06

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats fruits

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 6.20 Unadjusted mean = 6.20 Mean difference = 0.00 Study reported = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p = 1.00

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats grains

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 6.36 Unadjusted mean = 6.01 Mean difference = 0.35 Study reported = 0.29

Not statistically significant, p = 0.07

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats other food (for example, sweets, crisps, and chips)

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

164 children Unadjusted mean = 4.37 Unadjusted mean = 4.72 Mean difference = -0.35 Study reported = -0.19

Not statistically significant, p = 0.23

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats protein

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 5.63 Unadjusted mean = 5.47 Mean difference = 0.16 Study reported = 0.14

Not statistically significant, p = 0.40

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

How often the child eats vegetables

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted mean = 6.04 Unadjusted mean = 6.02 Mean difference = 0.02 Study reported = 0.01

Not statistically significant, p = 0.88

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Necessary immunisations at 12 months

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.27 Unadjusted proportion = 0.14 Mean difference = 0.13 Study reported = 0.31

Statistically significant, p = 0.04

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d

Sleeps undisturbed through the night

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

12 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 children Unadjusted proportion = 0.66 Unadjusted proportion = 0.71 Mean difference = -0.05 Study reported = -0.11

Not statistically significant, p = 0.49

Authors' reported effect size is Cohen's d
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Outcome measure Effect Follow-up timing Sample Sample size Intervention group Comparison group Group difference Effect size Statistical significance Notes

Child eats fatty food daily, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted proportion = 0.58 Unadjusted proportion = 0.48 Mean difference = 0.10 Study reported = 0.21

Not statistically significant, p = 0.20

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child exposed to cigarette smoke

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 Unadjusted proportion = 0.46 Mean difference = -0.08 Study reported = -0.17

Not statistically significant, p = 0.30

Child had chest infection in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted proportion = 0.26 Unadjusted proportion = 0.38 Mean difference = -0.12 Study reported = -0.26

Not statistically significant, p = 0.10

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child has poor eating habits, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted proportion = 0.21 Unadjusted proportion = 0.32 Mean difference = -0.11 Study reported = -0.25

Not statistically significant, p = 0.11

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

Child stayed in hospital for at least one day in last 6 months, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted proportion = 0.02 Unadjusted proportion = 0.06 Mean difference = -0.04 Study reported = -0.17

Not statistically significant, p = 0.22

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child drinks formula, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 1.89 Unadjusted mean = 2.25 Mean difference = -0.36 Study reported = -0.16

Not statistically significant, p = 0.30

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats dairy, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 6.64 Unadjusted mean = 6.55 Mean difference = 0.09 Study reported = 0.10

Not statistically significant, p = 0.63

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats fruits, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 6.72 Unadjusted mean = 6.40 Mean difference = 0.32 Study reported = 0.25

Not statistically significant, p = 0.11

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats grains, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 6.44 Unadjusted mean = 6.39 Mean difference = 0.05 Study reported = 0.05

Not statistically significant, p = 0.77

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats other food (sugars and fats), Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 5.43 Unadjusted mean = 5.25 Mean difference = 0.18 Study reported = 0.14

Not statistically significant, p = 0.38

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats protein, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 5.95 Unadjusted mean = 5.58 Mean difference = 0.37 Study reported = 0.34

Statistically significant, p = 0.03

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

How often child eats vegetables, Multiple Imputation results

FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect

24 months old

High PFL vs. Low PFL; Dublin, Ireland 2008-2010; full sample

165 mothers and children Unadjusted mean = 6.09 Unadjusted mean = 5.82 Mean difference = 0.27 Study reported = 0.23

Not statistically significant, p = 0.13

Finding from model using multiple imputation (MI)

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